Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia (/ˈhɑːɡiə soʊˈfiːə/; from the Ancient Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία, romanized: Hagía Sophía; Latin: Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia, 'Holy Wisdom'), or the Ayasofya Mosque (Turkish: Ayasofya Camii) is a Late Antique place of worship in Istanbul that has served as a Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal cathedral, a Roman Catholic cathedral, an Ottoman mosque, and a museum. Built in AD 537, during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian I, it was then the world's largest interior space and the first to employ a fully pendentive dome. It is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture^[2] and is said to have "changed the history of architecture".^[3]

Hagia Sophia
Ayasofya (Turkish)
Ἁγία Σοφία (Ancient Greek)
Sancta Sophia (Latin)

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Location in the Fatih district of Istanbul
Location	Istanbul, Turkey
Designer	Isidore of Miletus Anthemius of Tralles
Type	Byzantine Christian Cathedral (537–1054) Greek Orthodox Cathedral (1054–1204) Roman Catholic Cathedral (1204–1261) Greek Orthodox Cathedral (1261–1453) Ottoman Mosque (1453–1935) Museum (1935–2020) Closed for conversion into mosque (2020–present)
Material	Ashlar, brick
Length	82 m (269 ft)
Width	73 m (240 ft)
Height	55 m (180 ft)
Beginning date	360
Completion date	537; 1483 years ago
Dedicated to	Wisdom of God, in reference to the Logos, the second person of the Holy Trinity[1]
Website	http://fatih.gov.tr/ayasofya-camii
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Part of	Historic Areas of Istanbul
Criteria	Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv
Reference	356
Inscription	1985 (9th session)

Built as the Christian cathedral church of Constantinople between 532 and 537 on the orders of the Roman emperor Justinian I, the basilica was designed by the Greek geometers Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles.^[4] The present Justinianic building was the third church of the same name to occupy the site, the prior one having been destroyed in the Nika riots. Episcopal see of the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople, it remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years, until Seville Cathedral was completed in 1520. In 1204, it was converted by the Fourth Crusaders to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire, before being restored to the Eastern Orthodox Church upon the return of the Byzantine Empire in 1261. After the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453,^[5] it was converted to a mosque. In 1935, it was secularized into a museum.^[6] In early July 2020, the Council of State annulled the Cabinet's 1934 decision to establish the museum, revoking the monument's status and a subsequent decree of the President of Turkey ordered the reclassification of Hagia Sophia as a mosque.^[7][8]

The church was dedicated to the Wisdom of God, the Logos, the second person of the Trinity,^[9] its patronal feast taking place on 25 December (Christmas), the commemoration of the birth of the incarnation of the Logos in Christ.^[9] Sophia is the phonetic spelling in Latin of the Greek word for wisdom and although sometimes referred to as Sancta Sophia, 'Saint Sophia', it is not connected with Sophia the Martyr.^[10][11] Its full name in Greek is: Ναός της Αγίας του Θεού Σοφίας, romanized: Naós tis Hagías tou Theou Sophías, lit. 'Temple of the Holy Wisdom of God'. The church housed a large collection of relics and featured a 15-metre (49 ft) silver iconostasis.^{[citation needed]} The centre of the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly one thousand years, the building witnessed the excommunication of Patriarch Michael I Cerularius officially delivered by Humbert of Silva Candida, the papal envoy of Pope Leo IX in 1054, an act that is commonly considered the start of the East–West Schism. The doge of Venice who led the Fourth Crusade and the 1204 Sack of Constantinople, Enrico Dandolo, was buried in the church.

In 1453, Mehmed the Conqueror ordered the cathedral converted into a mosque. The patriarchate moved to the Church of the Holy Apostles, which became the city's cathedral. Although some parts of the city had fallen into disrepair, the cathedral had been maintained with funds set aside for this purpose, and the Christian cathedral made a strong impression on the new Ottoman rulers who conceived its conversion.^[12][13] The bells, altar, iconostasis, ambo and baptistery were removed and relics destroyed. The mosaics depicting Jesus, his mother Mary, Christian saints, and angels were eventually destroyed or plastered over.^[14] Islamic architectural features were added, such as a minbar (pulpit), four minarets, and a mihrab – a niche indicating the direction of prayer (qibla). From its initial conversion until the construction in 1616 of the nearby Sultan Ahmed Mosque, aka the Blue Mosque, it was the principal mosque of Istanbul. The Byzantine architecture of the Hagia Sophia served as inspiration for many other Ottoman mosques, including the Blue Mosque, the Şehzade Mosque, the Süleymaniye Mosque, the Rüstem Pasha Mosque and the Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex.

The complex remained a mosque until 1931, when it was closed to the public for four years. It was re-opened in 1935 as a museum by the secular Republic of Turkey. Hagia Sophia was, as of 2014, the second-most visited museum in Turkey, attracting almost 3.3 million visitors annually.^[15] According to data released by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Hagia Sophia was Turkey's most visited tourist attraction in 2015^[16] and 2019.^[17][18]

(Collected from Wikipedia)

where is our morality and social responsibility??

Shouldn't we think a little about where is our morality and social responsibility??

Our Minimum Social Responsibility Social Culture Ethics Politeness Tolerance where are these little things are now?

Are these extinct in our society?

How can we be human being!!! if we don't have these minimum qualities?

Then these animals are more polite than us!

So do we deserve to be called human?

I can't find any evidence that we call ourselves human. At least I don't see that. If we were human, we wouldn't rape.

If they were human, they wouldn't have raped a child. I wouldn't call them animals because no animal rapes.

They are not human, they are worse than the devil!

Because of the devil like these we are also afraid to give our children freely outside!

Magfar Uddin Chowdhury Azad

Magfar Uddin Chowdhury Azad was the son of the most richest family in Dhaka. In those days, He use to buy a record of Rs.1000 to listen to Presley's songs. There were deer in their house, white swans swimming in the lake, the smell of cinnamon wafting from the spice garden. (Call the birds open their eyes, this song was shot at their house).

  Azad falls in Class Six, St. Gregory. 1970s. Azad's father will marry another. Azad's mother said, "You will not get married. If you do, I will leave the house with my only son Azad." When Azad's father remarried, Azad's mother Safia took the boy's hand and left the palace and go to live in a hut. Teach the boy to read. Azad passed his Masters in 1981 from the Department of International Relations, Dhaka University.

His friends joined the liberation war, returned from Agartala, with training. He carried out guerrilla operations in Dhaka. Friends said to Azad, come, with us, we will do the operation. You know how to wield a pistol. Your father has guns, he has pistols, you have hunted with them many times.

  Azad said, I have no one in this world except my mother, and my mother has no one but me. I can go to war only if my mother allows me.

  Azad said to his mother, mother, can I go to war?

  The mother said, "Surely, I did not make you human for my needs, I raise you as human for the country and for the people of country."

  Azad went to war. Took part in two operations. Weapons were hidden in their house.

  August 30, 1971  A group of brave freedom fighters of the crack platoon was caught. Azad was also detained at that time. He was detained in the military torture cell of MP Hostel adjacent to Ramna Police Station and Drum Factory.

  His mother does not recognize Azad who is standing on the other side of the gorge. The eyes are swollen due to the severe beating, the lips are cut and hanging, the eyebrows have been cut and a deep hole has been made.

  - “Mom, what shall I do? They kill a lot. All that says to admit. They say to name everyone. ”

  - “Dad, you didn't say anyone's name?

  - No, mother, I didn't say. But it's scary, if it kills more, if I tell.

  - My child, when you hit by them, you'll be tough.

Don't say anyone's name.

  - Well, mother. Wants to eat rice. I don't eat rice for two days. Gave rice yesterday, I didn't get the portion.

  - Well, when I come tomorrow, I will bring rice for you.

  The inside of Safia Begum is twisted of pain. She  away keeping him Safe from raising  hand on him or She has never hurt her child ,never let a flower touch the her

boy's body. That's how they beat that boy.

  Safia Begum stood at Ramna police station all night the next day full of chicken, rice, aluvarta and eggplant tiffin carrier, but never saw Azad again. Tejgaon Thana, MP Hostel, Cantonment - searched everywhere, holding a tiffin carrier in his hand, but could not find Azad.

  The boy once wanted to eat rice. The mother could not put the rice in the boy's mouth. Mother did not eat rice for the whole 14 years from that hardship! He had been waiting for a 14-year-old boy to feed him rice. He believed that his freedom would return. Not only rice waiting for the boy, he had not heard in any bed for 14 years. She is lying on the floor of Shan. She has not changed her stone bed in winter or summer. And the main reason is that Azad did not get a bed while being detained at Ramna police station.

  Our new Generation does not know about legend Azad's But the know about Hollywood action movie and bullshit Bollywood movies.

  Happy Birthday Shaheed Magfar Uddin Chowdhury Azad.

  But some  corrupt politicians corrupt politicians corrupt public making this country worst then death day by day....why are we still silent???

What values ​​are we teaching to our children?

In the international race, Kenyan sprinter Abel Mutai stopped the race just a few feet before finishing the finish line. He had the idea that he had finished the finish line and he was going to win.

Just behind Abel was Spanish sprinter Evan Fernandez. He yelled at Abel, "Hey, you didn't finish the finish line. You run."

 

 Abel was a Kenyan and could not understand Evan's language "Spanish".  He remained bearded.

 Ivan realized this and pushed Abel to the finish line.  Then Kenyan runner Abel won.  The first is.

 At the end of the contest, a reporter asked Ivan: Why did you do that?

 "My dream is to one day have a community life," Ivan said.

 Sangbadik: That's all I understand, but why did you win the Kenyan Abel?

 Ivan Abaro said, "I didn't let him win. He was going to win."

 Sangbadik: You could have won on your own, because you were right behind him?

 Evan: He looked at Sangbadik and answered.  "Look, I could really win. But what was the value of winning? What honor would I get? Maybe I would get a medal. What would I do with that? And what would my mother or me think of such a victory!"

 Values ​​of human beings are transferred from one generation to another.  The value that Ivan received from his mother was that he did not want to live by cheating on others.

 What values ​​are we teaching to our children?  Aren't we teaching our children to come to life in any way?

আন্তর্জা‌তিক ‌দৌড় প্র‌তি‌যো‌গিতায় কেনিয়ান দৌড়‌বিদ আ‌বেল মুতাই ফি‌নিশ লাইন শেষ করার ঠিক ক‌য়েক ফুট আ‌গেই দৌড় বন্ধ ক‌রে দিল। তার ধারনা ‌ছিল যে, সে ফি‌নিশ লাইন শেষ ক‌রে ফে‌লে‌ছে এবং সে জি‌তে গে‌ছে। 

আ‌বে‌লের ঠিক পিছ‌নেই ছিল স্প্যা‌নিশ দৌড়‌বিদ ইভান ফারনান্দেজ। সে চিৎকার ক‌রে আ‌বেল কে বল‌তে লাগল, "হে, তু‌মি ফি‌নিশ লাইন শেষ ক‌রো নাই। তু‌মি দৌড় চা‌লি‌য়ে যাও।"

 

আ‌বেল কে‌নিয়ান হওয়ায় ইভা‌নের ভাষা "স্প্যা‌নিশ"  বুঝ‌তে পার‌ছিলনা। সে দা‌ড়ি‌য়েই  রইল। 

ইভান এটা বুঝ‌তে পে‌রে আ‌বেল‌কে ধাক্কা দি‌য়ে ফি‌নিশ লাই ন পাড় করে দিল। তারপর কে‌নিয়ান দৌড়‌বিদ আ‌বেল জিতে গেল। প্রথম হল। 

প্র‌তি‌যো‌গিতার শে‌ষে এক সাংবা‌দিক ইভান‌কে জিজ্ঞাসা করল: তু‌মি এমনটা কর‌লে কেন? 

ইভান বলল, "আমার স্বপ্ন হল এক‌দিন আমা‌দের এক‌টি ক‌মি‌নি‌টি লাইফ থাক‌বে।"

সাংবা‌দিক:  তা‌তো বুঝলাম, কিন্তুু ঐ কে‌নিয়ান আ‌বেল‌কে কেন জিতি‌য়ে দি‌লে?

ইভান আবা‌রো বলল,  "আমি তো তাকে জি‌তি‌য়ে দেই‌নি। সে‌তো জি‌তেই  যা‌চ্ছিল।" 

সাংবা‌দিক: তুম‌ি নি‌জেই তো জিততে পারতে, কারন তু‌মি তো ঠিক তার প‌রেই ছি‌লে?

ইভান: সাংবা‌দিকের দিকে তা‌কিয়ে উত্তর দিল।  "দেখ, স‌ত্যিই আ‌মি জিততে পারতাম।  কিন্তুু জেতার মুল্য কী হ‌তে প‌ারত? কী সম্মান আ‌মি পেতাম। হয়ত এক‌টি মে‌ডেল পেতাম। তা দি‌য়ে আ‌মি কী করতাম?  আর এ রকম জেতায় আমার মা'ই বা আমাকে কী ভাবত!"

মানু‌ষের মূল্যবোধ (Values)এক জেনা‌রেশন থে‌কে আ‌রেক জেনারেশ‌নে স্থানান্ত‌রিত হয়। ইভান তার মা‌য়ের কাছ থে‌কে যে মূল্যবোধ পে‌য়ে‌ছিল তাহল আ‌রেকজন‌কে ঠ‌কি‌য়ে সে যেন জি‌তে না আ‌সে। 

আমরা আমা‌দের বাচ্চা‌দের কী মুল্য‌বোধ শিক্ষা দি‌চ্ছি ? আমরা কী আমা‌দের বাচ্চা‌দের যেকোন ভা‌বেই  জি‌তে আসার শিক্ষাট‌া দি‌চ্ছি নাতো?

History speaks...Many do not know about the atrocities of the Allied forces! World War II

When you go to read a book based on the history of the Second World War or watch a movie-documentary, you always see a picture. Germany, Italy and Japan, led by the Axis Powers, have created anarchy in the world, and the common people are in trouble. After that, with the help of sophisticated tactics, at the risk of their own lives, the allied forces consisting of more countries like Soviet Union, United States, United Kingdom jumped on them.

Today, everyone knows that the victory was won by the Allied forces. But in the books, in the movies, the way they are portrayed as the savior of mankind, a very good character, was it really that good? Of course not!

It is said that war reveals the most ugly form of the dormant beast that lives in our minds. As the countries of the Axis Powers manifested this ugly form, so did the countries of the Allied Powers. The difference is that today's history tells us only stories of the brutality of the Axis Powers, not the Allies.  Today, therefore, the history of some of the atrocities of the Allied forces in the Second World War is highlighted through this writing, which may be unknown to many.

1) Continuous bombing of civilians in Japan

The first few things that come to mind when it comes to World War II are the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.  The American government argued that there was no alternative to subjugating the Japanese who did not agree to surrender.  The incident saved the world from a protracted war on land and countless future loss of life and property, say American strikers.

Long before the atomic bombing, the United States had been regularly bombing Japan from various warplanes.  The main reason for this bombing was to humiliate the enemy by killing countless civilians.  The mastermind behind these attacks was General Curtis Lim.  Things like killing ordinary people in Japan did not leave a mark on his mind.  Rather, he thought, the Japanese would not bow their heads in any way until they were completely wiped out.  That's why, in addition to the regular bombings, he planned to carry out more large-scale attacks on Japan's major cities.

On March 9, 1945, at the behest of General Lim, a fleet of U.S. bombers flew over Japan, intended to attack Tokyo.  But the bombing that day was different than any other day.  Napalm cylinders and petroleum jelly were thrown that day.  About forty square kilometers of land was burnt to ashes that day.  The burnt people were lying on top of each other, a horrible sight.  An estimated 100,000 ordinary Japanese people died that day for the decision of US policymakers.

2) Mass rape by the Soviet army

The role of the Soviet Union as a member of the Allied forces in World War II was significant.  Adolf Hitler's Nazi forces were successfully confronted and the country's army was roaring to prevent the advance of the Germans by occupying various areas.  However, the problem arose elsewhere.  The constant fighting and bloodshed was slowly eroding the humanity of the country's military.  Besides, the fact that he could not stay with his wife for a long time also made them very frustrated.  To alleviate this frustration, some of them were involved in looting in the conquered areas.  The most heinous thing was that they were mass raping the women of the enemy.  Such heinous acts were also supported from the upper house on the grounds that the morale of the enemy was bound to weaken gradually if the rape continued in this manner.

They have done a great deal to liberate Europe from the Nazi forces, so they can do whatever they want - an attitude that further persuaded the Soviets.  Not only German women were on the list of women raped by them.  After liberating various camps in Poland, they were indulging in animal cruelty on women there.

(3) When the US troops were collecting the skulls of the Japanese

The history of how cruel the Japanese were to prisoners of war in World War II is more or less known.  The brightest example of this is Unit 731.  It is surprising to hear the description of the torture of the captive people by the Japanese army.

One sick prisoner was kept in contact with another healthy prisoner to see how quickly the disease could spread.  The female prisoners were routinely raped by the guards there.  Meanwhile, doctors used to spread germs of various diseases among the prisoners through gas chambers, food, drink etc.  Some of their limbs were amputated to study bleeding.  The first division studied bacterial diseases such as bubonic plague, cholera, anthrax, typhoid, and tuberculosis.  The germs of the diseases were first introduced into the bodies of these prisoners.  For research on sexually transmitted diseases, captive men and women were forced to have sex at gunpoint.  In addition, frostbite, new weapons and explosives were tested on prisoners.

There has always been talk of mistreatment of prisoners of war in Japan or Germany, but not least in the US military.  Maybe their level of cruelty is not the same as that of the Axis powers, but knowing their actions would not seem less brutal.

The bodies of Japanese prisoners of war were U.S. military equipment.  They had a strange pleasure in mutilating the corpses, as well as cutting off various limbs from the corpses as trophies.  Then one step further, many would send the cut part back to Japan, to the house of the unfortunate man himself!  Their favorite part was the ear, because it is easily cut.

The most reprehensible thing was to make fun of the skull, as can be seen in this picture.  For this purpose they used two ways- either they would boil the skull and remove the skin and flesh, or they would leave it for some time so that the insects could eat it and separate the bones from the flesh.

(5) The plight of Soviet dissidents

Speaking of 1945.  The Yalta Conference, also known as the Crimea Conference, was held on 4-11 February of that year at the Livadia Palace in the Soviet Union.  The main purpose of the conference was to discuss how to deal with various issues in post-war Europe.  One of the various decisions taken here was that at the end of the war, the inhabitants of one allied country would be repatriated to the rest of the Allied countries.

At the end of the war, there were millions of dissident Soviet citizens in the United States who were reluctant to return home.  Initially, US authorities resorted to arrests to send them back.  Then some even choose the path of suicide.  To avoid such a situation, the concerned authorities resorted to deception.  They keep informing people that they are being sent to another place.  They were actually sent back to the Soviet Union for lying.

(6) The misfortune of the ethnic population of Germany

Many of the world's equations changed after the end of World War II.  Members of various ethnic groups in Germany were part of such an equation.  The Allies decided to send the men, scattered throughout Europe, to Germany.  The problem is that the number of these people was not a few thousand or a few lakhs.  About one to one and a half million German ethnic people lived in various member countries of the Allied forces.  Many of them were born there.

Many Western books do not mention them.  About five lakh people lost their lives during this forced migration.  Going to Germany, their misfortune seemed to take on a new dimension.  Due to lack of accommodation, they found their place in various abandoned concentration camps and were forced to engage in various arduous activities.  The vast majority of this population were women, the elderly and adolescents, who could not take part in the war.  In this way, countless innocent people fell victim to the aggression of the Allied forces.

7) Stalin's policy of burning

If the enemy were to occupy an area, the Nazis would set fire to all food crops in the area, destroying as many installations as they could, and damaging communications.  Their main objective was to prevent the opponent from advancing.  However, many officers of the Nazi forces did not like Hitler's policy.  That is why many of them protested.  They argued that in the future, they might re-occupy the site, and that the renovation work would be easier if the amount of destruction on the site was less.

Such a destructive mentality existed only among the Nazi forces - you would be wrong to think so.  Because Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, an important member of the Allies, followed the same policy.  He had strict control over the army.  As a result, the soldiers did not dare to disobey his orders.  The Soviets had a separate battalion for eviction only.  The main purpose of the Germans was to destroy various installations, destroy crops, and burn down cities.

Ukraine was one of the biggest victims of Stalin's policy.  Germany and the Soviet Union were at war there.  Both sides wanted to stop the advance of the opponents in any way through the policy of arson.  That's why they competed in destroying various installations and food grains.  At the end of the war, a large part of Ukraine's installations were severely damaged.

_Collected from various mediums